The Drawbacks of Gun Control Legislation - 773 Words

Gun control is many issues of this nation summed up into two words. In the point of view of some people gun control is a crime issue, while to others it is a rights issue. Gun control also is a safety issue and believe it or not, an education issue. Within each of these problems, there are those who want gun control legislation, and those like myself, who want less gun control legislation. The second amendment states that we as citizens have the right to bear arms and protect ourselves. Gun control only keeps the â€Å"good guys† from obtaining firearms. â€Å"Bad guys† will always have ways of getting weapons, whether it be from the black market, cross borders, or illegal street sales. Another drawback of any and all gun control legislation is that they only affect law-abiding citizens. By clarification a criminal is someone who breaks the law. Therefore, passing gun control legislation to control crime committed by criminals is disagreeable. According to the (NRA) National Rifle Association, only four criminals have been taken into custody while attempting to legally purchase a firearm. Criminals do not purchase guns legally. They have other ways to get guns, such as the black market or theft. Many citizens are for new gun control laws, but many are against them. Nowadays, it is almost impossible to pick up a magazine or watch the evening news without being blasted with details of another mass shooting, or another child thatShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gun Control1453 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control. Just the mention of those two words together is usually enough to start a riot between sides. Those for stricter gun control and those who want better reform with out having the government grip tighten are locked in a political battle with each side using the same weapons. Both sides look to the recent shootings as a banner for their viewpoint and neither side is willing to consider the opposition’s view. This has lead to a rift in the political theater, and a rift across America. Read MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control2872 Words   |  12 PagesThe issue regarding gun control has long been debated by American society and remains as a major issue in the political arena. Due to the recent mass shootings involving tragic massacres of both children and adults, the question regarding guns and its social implications have renewed national interest. Among the questions involve the ethicality of prohibiting guns, as well as its practicality. Despite these conflicts, the overall benefits of imposing looser gun restrictions far outweigh its prohibitionRead MoreThe Governments Fight Against Crime Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The planned introduction of identity cards proves, if further proof be needed, that this government is committed to the crime control model of criminal justice† In every nation the authority and dedication of the government towards doing its work is challenged again and again. As the U.K. government changed its attitude in dealing with crime it was yet again questioned Read More3-D Printing Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagespowders, and even food. (troweprice.com) Applications Around 2010, 3-D printers became available to consumers in desktop form and their popularity exploded. The most iconic example of these machines’ emerging popularity is the 3-D printable plastic gun, which was fully functional. This simple but cutting edge piece of consumer technology became a diadem in the eyes of hobbyists and small scale manufacturers alike while arousing concerns amongst governmental and anti-weapons activists as to the legalityRead MoreChapter 13 Apish Study Guide2396 Words   |  10 Pagesdiseases and guns thinned their ranks. A devastating smallpox epidemic spread northward from New Spain in 1779-1781, taking the lives of half of the Plains peoples. As European horses enhanced the mobility and wealth of the Plains Indians, European diseases and guns thinned their ranks. A devastating smallpox epidemic spread northward from New Spain in 1779-1781, taking the lives of half of the Plains peoples. The Sioux were able to come into power through purchasing a mmunition and guns from the FrenchRead More Mass School Shootings in the U.S. Essay2440 Words   |  10 Pagescalled the â€Å"gun culture,† the term coined in 1970 by a historian Richard Hofstadter, which describes America’s heritage and affection for weapons(1). Not only did gun culture become an inseparable part of American democracy, but also it is considered to be synonymous with independence and freedom, the most important values for American society. Even though the crime rate and murder rate in the U.S. is higher than in any other developed country, U.S. citizens oppose every attempt made to pass gun controlRead MoreRacial Profiling Essay7678 Words   |  31 Pagesmillion. This kind of money adds a major incentive to police efforts to discover drug crimes. The study by Mast, Benson, and Rasmussen concludes: The results for the impact of asset seizure laws are robustÂ… Police focus relatively more effort on drug control when they can enhance their budgets b y retaining seized assets.(Reason online p9). Consequently, the 1980s War on Drugs also played a key role in the intensified efforts to root out targeted drug traffickers. The War on Drugs was a 37 billionRead More National Influenza Immunization Program - The Swine Flu of 19764044 Words   |  17 Pagesinfluenza hit they would not have time to start the vaccinations before the disease set in. (Silverstein: 29-31) Another, though more personal reason for the decision to immunize was that it gave the scientists, like those at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) who were heading up the project, an opportunity to demonstrate to the public the value of immunizations. (Silverstein: 38) To truly understand the National Influenza Immunization program, it is necessary to look at the operation itself. TheRead MoreEconomische En Sociale Geschiedenis4540 Words   |  19 Pagespublic power (derive from: taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. â€Å"wants† of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. the price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes; income is function of their â€Å"wants†. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Throughout theRead MoreEconomische En Sociale Geschiedenis4525 Words   |  19 Pagespublic power (derive from: taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. â€Å"wants† of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. the price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes; income is function of their â€Å"wants†. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Throughout the

The Effect Of Breastfeeding On Ovarian And Breast Cancer...

Introduction Since some years, there has been fundamental shift in infant nutrition research due to increasing evidence that the role of early nutrition during this vital period of life has deep biological effects and has an important consequence both in long and short-term health (Fewtrell 2007). The research that has been done in this area offers strong evidence that human milk feeding decreases the severity and incidence of a vast range of infectious diseases (Garner 1997). There are many benefits of breastfeeding reduces the ovarian and breast cancer risks and a reduction in other types of systemic health such as obesity, overweight, asthma and morbidity. In this way breastfeeding also becomes one of the main causes of benefits for the mothers (Horta 2013). In their report, WHO also recommends the exclusive breastfeeding until the infant is six months old. They further, recommend that the children should consume breastfeeding complemented with food intake until they are two years old (Horta 2013). Formula fed vs. Breastfed The evidence that is present regarding the infant feeding as a risk factor for dental caries in inconsistent in many ways. The risk regarding dental caries is closely related to carbohydrate content in breast milk besides the factors that decide the length of contact between the erupted dentition and the breast milk (Danielsson 2009). In contrast to formula, breast milk contains breast-specific Lactobacilli and other substances that include secretoryShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Breastfeeding On Children And Mothers872 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Breastfeeding on Children and Mothers Breastfeeding has multiple positive effects for both the mother and the child. These effects can be in the short term and long term. Mothers who breastfeed have reduced rates of postpartum depression and a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancers. It also helps the woman’s uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size along with other benefits (Positive Effects of Breastfeeding). Breastfeeding also protects babies from numerous illnesses duringRead MoreOutline Of The Benefits Of Breastfeeding1508 Words   |  7 PagesOutline The Benefits of Breastfeeding Thesis: Breastfeeding provides unique nutrients for the baby, protects from disease, has health benefits for the mother, and provides a unique bond between mother and baby. I. The array of benefits for an infants’ health A. Mortality and sudden infant death syndrome B. Reduces overweight and obesity a. Reduces the risk of diabetes C. Reduces the risk of childhood leukemia D. Neurodevelopmental outcomes II. The array of health benefits for the mother A. LongerRead MoreA New York Times Op Ed Article1443 Words   |  6 PagesTimes op-ed article on May 14, 2013 revealed that Angelina Jolie underwent a double mastectomy (Jolie). She did not have cancer. What would prompt a healthy individual to perform such drastic and disfiguring surgery if her life were not in danger? It turns out that she carries a breast cancer gene mutation, BRCA1, which increases the chances of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The availability of genetic testing has caused prophylactic double mastectomy rates to increase dramatically. CelebritiesRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breastfeeding For Mothers875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Breastfeeding Since the invention of formula mothers have had trouble deciding how best to go about feeding their children. Each mother has their own preferred feeding technique, some of whom chose to use both feeding methods depending on the situation. For some mothers breastfeeding is not a viable option for reasons such as lactation issues, busy schedules, and secondary caregivers (Health Psychology). For those mothers whom are able and willing to breastfeed their infants thereRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Breastfeeding793 Words   |  4 PagesBe Amazed at the Benefits of Breastfeeding The first instinct of a newborn baby is to reach up and take its first taste of breast milk, which begins to strengthen the bond between the mother and baby. The ability of a mother to produce a nutritionally complete meal for the newborn is one of nature’s wonders and research has confirmed that breastfeeding is linked to healthier mothers and infants in many different ways. Benefits of Breastfeeding Breast milk contains hormones, growth factors, cytokinesRead MoreBreastfeeding : The Natural Source Of Nutrition For Babies1175 Words   |  5 Pagesfor babies, breast milk is the best food to give a baby. The benefits of breastfeeding extend well beyond basic nutrition. Not only does breast milk contain all the vitamins and nutrients a baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect the baby from illness. This is just one of the many reasons exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is recommended by several medical authorities, although any amount of breastfeeding is beneficialRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Midwives of Women Who Choose to Bottle Feed1013 Words   |  5 Pageswill be discuss the ethical dilemma, which midwives have to deal with, when a woman choose to bottle-feed their babies, who do not have any medical requirement not to breastfeed. In addition, why bottle-feeding their babies is the women c hoice. Why breast-feeding is, better for mother and baby than bottle-feeding. Women who choose to bottle-feed. Woman who choose to bottle-feed their babies, can decide why they bottle-feed, through a number of factors. The womans age; her level of education; herRead MoreBenefits Of Breastfeeding On Infants And Children986 Words   |  4 Pages Benefits of Breastfeeding Keyeonta Stewart Webster University Abstract This paper discusses the benefits breastfeeding has on infants and children. The hypothesis is that feeding breast milk to infants significantly improves their health and cognitive functioning. Research which supports this hypothesis is discussed in this paper. The paper will discuss the methods and results of each study. Two studies are about the positive effects that breast milk has on the brain and cognitiveRead MoreBaby Rohan Jameson Ramjit Is Growing Healthy As Ever1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthese past 7 months, I have gained so much love for someone I have never met before. Being 24 years old and becoming a mother has changed my views on life. Learning so much about caring for a newborn has brought on the thought of bottle feeding or breast feeding and trying to figure out which one is safer for his health. Children enter this world helpless, trying to understand their new environment and learning their new touch. Infants depend on the caring individuals around them, especiall y theirRead MoreBreastfeeding Among Low Income Mothers1682 Words   |  7 PagesBreastfeeding among Low-Income Mothers Introduction The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that a mother breastfeeds during her child’s first 6 months of life. After 6 months, the AAP advises that a mother should continue breastfeeding while incorporating solid foods into the baby’s diet. This nutritional combination should continue until the child is at least 1 year old (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012). Additionally, the United States Surgeon General acknowledges the health

Bioethics Health and Treatment

Question: Discuss about the Bioethics for Health and Treatment. Answer: This assignment has focused on the ethical issues regarding Bills health and treatment. Bill is a fifty years old man, who has undergone unhealthy lifestyle for the last thirty years with a very poor quality diet, lack of physical exercise and alcohol abuse. Upon his visit to the physician, he became aware of the fact that he is suffering from diabetes and his kidney condition is not well, it has began to fail and within the next two years, his kidney will entirely lose its function. Bill has also been informed that if he undergoes kidney transplantation, his life expectancy will be around 5 years with ongoing dialysis and his doctor has informed that his nature of kidney failure will need kidney transplantation and after a successful transplant, he will have 10 years of life expectancy. Moreover, he will need to take immunosuppressant after the surgery. In legal process, it will require around 8 years to find a suitable donor, as the waiting list for donated kidney is long. Thus, Bi ll has a second thought to avoid the waiting list and he found a clinic, where he can get a donor within 12 months, but his physician addressed that the procedure will be illegal. Now, Bill is undergoing the ethical dilemma that whether he should save his life by undergoing the illegal procedure or should wait according to the legal procedure for a donated kidney and thereby reducing his chance of survival. Ethical and legal debate over paying live organ donors has emerged as long as the transplantation procedure has existed. The presence of NOTA in US and similar legislations in the other developed countries is not fully able to prevent the development of a triving black market for live organ donation. However, from a moral and humanistic perspective, Bill can use the donor from the clinic, as the life of a human being is the most important thing. If a patient, who has a maximum life expectancy of 5 years, has to wait for 8 years to get a transplanted organ, it is the fault of the existing health care system, because, in medical care, life-related urgency should always considered with more importance (Mahdavi-Mazdeh 2012). For Bill, his life is more important than following ethical rules. If Bill agrees to have a kidney from the clinic, he will get a sold kidney, which is an illegal procedure, but he will have a greater life expectancy, once he receives the kidney transplanted. In the Australian guidelines for the kidney transplantation, there is a consideration, especially applicable for the urgent patients. In rare circumstances, if the patient in the waiting list is deemed to be urgent and his survival is threatened, the patient is considered under the urgent status, which provides him the opportunity to wait lesser for getting a compatible kidney (The Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2016). However, the decision to give him the urgent status is based on his health status review by the states transplant advisory committee. Once, Bill is considered as urgent, it can be expected that except any compelling reason, the first compatible kidney would be offered to him. In this way, he can avoid the long 8 years waiting and can get a 10 years life expectancy. This process will also follow the ethical and legal procedure of transplantation (Mamzer-Bruneel et al. 2012). In this context, his physician would be accountable for arranging his medical condition review and evaluation for his status by the state transplantation advisory committee and guiding Bill towards the appropriate legal and ethical procedure (Land and Dossetor 2012). On other hand, cost of the illegal procedure of kidney transplantation is very high, which might not be affordable by Bill. He can consult with his family and can go through an assessment of his family members, if there is someone, compatible with his blood group and willing to save his life by direct donation, it will cut some of the huge cost for the organ transplantation process. In this context, proper laboratory tests for the willing family member of Bill is important for testing the compatibility with Bill. His physician should direct them towards the proper procedure of direct donation (Gordon 2012). If he gets a compatible family member who is willing to donate a kidney, proper informed consent process should be undergone. Moreover, the donor should be aware of the pros and cons of the organ donation and what complication he might have throughout the organ transplantation procedure (Truog 2005). Reference List Gordon, E.J., 2012. Informed consent for living donation: a review of key empirical studies, ethical challenges and future research. American Journal of Transplantation, 12(9), pp.2273-2280. Land, W. and Dossetor, J.B. eds., 2012. Organ Replacement Therapy: Ethics, Justice Commerce: First Joint Meeting of ESOT and EDTA/ERA Munich December 1990. Springer Science Business Media. Mahdavi-Mazdeh, M., 2012. The Iranian model of living renal transplantation. Kidney international, 82(6), pp.627-634. Mamzer-Bruneel, M.F., Laforet, E.G., Kreis, H., Thervet, ., Martinez, F., Snanoudj, R., Herve, C. and Legendre, C., 2012. [Renal transplantation: ethical issues]. Nephrologie therapeutique, 8(7), pp.547-556. The Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand,. 2016. Clinical Guidelines for Organ Transplantation from Deceased Donors. https://www.donatelife.gov.au/. Retrieved 5 November 2016, from https://www.donatelife.gov.au Truog, R.D., 2005. The ethics of organ donation by living donors. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(5), pp.444-446.

Introduction to Debt Policy Essay Example For Students

Introduction to Debt Policy Essay When a firm grows, it needs capital, and that capital can come from debt or equity. Debt has two important advantages. First, interest paid on Debt is tax deductible to the corporation. This effectively reduces the debts effective cost. Second, debt holders get a fixed return so stockholders do not have to share their profits if the business is extremely successful. Debt has disadvantages as well, the higher the debt ratio, the riskier the company, hence higher the cost of debt as well as equity. If the company suffers financial hardships and the operating income is not sufficient to cover interest charges, its stockholders will have to make up for the shortfall and if they cannot, bankruptcy will result. Debt can be an obstacle that blocks a company from seeing better times even if they are a couple of quarters away. Capital structure policy is a trade-off between risk and return:Using debt raises the risk borne by stock holdersUsing more debt generally leads to a higher expected rate on equity. There are four primary factors influence capital structure decisions:Business risk, or the riskiness inherent in the firms operations, if it uses no debt. The greater the firms business risk, the lower its optimal debt ratio. The firms tax position. A major reason for using debt is that interest is tax deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt. However if most of a firms income is already sheltered from taxes by depreciation tax shields, by interest on currently outstanding debt, or by tax loss carry forwards, its tax rate will already be low, so additional debt will not be as advantageous as it would be to a firm with a higher effective tax rate. Financial flexibility or the ability to raise capital on reasonable terms under adverse conditions. Corporate treasurers know that a steady supply of capital is necessary for stable operations, which is vital for long-run success. They also know that when money is tight in the economy, or when a firm is experiencing operating difficulties, suppliers of capital prefer to provide funds to companies with strong balance sheets. Therefore, both the potential future need for funds and the consequences of a funds shortage influence the target capital structure- the greater the probable future need for capital, and the worse the consequences of a capital shortage, the stronger the balance sheet should be. Managerial conservatism or aggressiveness. Some managers are more aggressive than others; hence some firms are more inclined to use debt in an effort to boost profits. This factor does not affect the true optimal or value maximizing capital structure but it does influence the manager in determining target capital structure. Analysis 1: Valuation of the Assets0% Debt25% Debt50% Debt100% Equity75% Equity50% EquityBook Value of Debt025005000Book Value of Equity1000075005000Market Value of Debt (D)025005000Market Value of Equity (E)1000083506700Pre-tax Cost of Debt (RD)0.050.050.05After-tax Cost of Debt (1-Tc)*RD0.0330.0330.033Market Value Weights of:Debt WD = D / (D + E)00.23040.4274Equity (WE) = E / (D + E)10.76960.5726Un-Levered Beta (B U)0.80.80.8Levered Beta B L = BU*(1+(1-Tc) (D/E))0.80.95811.1940Risk-free Rate (Rrf)0.050.050.05Market Premium (MRP)0.060.060.06Cost of Equity RE = Rrf + bL * MRP0.0980.10750.1216Weighted Average Cost of CapitalWACC = (1-Tc)WDRD+WERE0.0980.09030.08376EBIT1485.001485.001485.00(Taxes (@34%))-504.90-504.90-504.90EBIAT980.10980.10980.10Depreciation500.00500.00500.00(Capital Expenses)-500.00-500.00-500.00Change in Net Working Capital0.000.000.00Free Cash Flow (FCF)980.10980.10980.10Value of Assets (FCF/WACC)10001.0110851.1111701.19The value of Assets is given by the Free Cash Flows divided by the weighted average cost of capital and changes with the financing side effects of the capital structure. The Cash flows are unaffected by the Capital structure changes, however the WACC decreases as the weight of debt increases. This leads to a greater value of assets (at 50% debt, it is $11701.19 which is greater than that at 0% debt). The capital structure that maximizes stock price is also the one that minimizes the WACC. Another observation of the above table shows that increasing Debt increases Beta (a measure of risk, this is consistent with the Hamadas equation BL= BU (1+(1-TC) (D/E))Analysis 2: Valuation of the Debt Equity0% Debt25% Debt50% Debt100% Equity75% Equity50% EquityCash Flow to Creditors:Interest (Int)0.00125.00250.00Pre-tax Cost of Debt (Rd)0.050.050.05Value of Debt (Int/Rd)0.002500.005000.00Cash Flow to Shareholders:EBIT1485.001485.001485.00Interest (Int)-0.00-125.00-250.00Pretax profit1485.001360.001235.00Taxes (@34%)-504.90-462.40-419.90Net Income980.10897.60815.10Depreciation500.00500.00500.00Capital Expenses-500.00-500.00-500.00Change in Net Working Capital0.000.000.00Debt Amortization0.000.000.00Residual Cash Flow (RCF)980.10897.60815.10Cost of Equity (From Analysis 1: RE)0.0980.10750.1216Value of Equity (RCF/RE)10001.018351.116701.19Value of Equity + Value of Debt10001.0110851.1111701.19As the two sides of the balance sheet should match-up, the Values of Assets from Analysis 1 would be equal to the sum of the Value of Equity and Debt from the above Analysis 2. When the firm levers up the value of its debt component rises and the value of its equity component shrinks. But, the overall value of the firm goes up (the pie increases). Frederick Douglas To Thomas Jefferson EssayValue to Society: Society is better off if firms use some debt in their capital structure. Firms with revenue generating and good projects would be able to acquire (otherwise impossible) capital because of the resource allocation of leverage medium. Institutions with excess capital can invest in firms that increase their wealth, firms wealth and provide better products and services to the society as a whole. Debt unlike equity has to be serviced regularly and interest payments are required to be made on time. This has several benefits in limiting the control that managers have on free cash flow. Managers who own equity in the firm do not resort to shirking their duties, as an increased NPV of the project will yield them high returns personally. Raising debt does not dilute the equity of the managers and keeps them motivated to work harder. Debt limits free cash flows as it demands timely payment of interest. Managers cannot reward themselv es with perquisites, as they have to make interest payments and retire debt. This keeps a check on the managers who may want to put their hand in the till and help themselves at the cost of shareholders (and society). Debt lowers the agency costs arising between management and shareholders. Therefore, the new debt from leveraging can be thought of as a type of control device for shareholders. For companies in high growth areas, debt is not a great avenue to raise capital as competitive pressures and uncertain nature of cash flows can push them into bankruptcy in the presence of debt. However for slow growth companies with strong balance sheets and steady business, debt is the best avenue in the interest of the equity holders. Analysis 7: Re-capitalization of Koppers Company Inc. (all values in thousands). Before RecapitalizationAfter RecapitalizationBook Value Balance SheetsNet Working Capital212,453212,453Fixed Assets601,446601,446Total Assets813,899813,899Long-term Debt172,4091,738,095Deferred Taxes195,616195,616Preferred Stock15,00015,000Common Equity430,874-1,134,812Total Capital813,899813,899Market Value Balance SheetsNet Working Capital212,453212,453Fixed Assets1,618,0811,618,081PV debt tax shield (Long-term Debt * Tax Rate)58,619590,952Total Assets1,889,1532,421,486Long-term debt172,4091,738,095Deferred Taxes00Preferred Stock15,00015,000Common Equity1,701,744668,391Total Capital1,889,1532,421,486Number of Shares28,12828128Price per Share60.5023.76Value to Public ShareholdersCash Received = (Debt After Recap Debt Before Recap)01,565,686Value of Shares = (Value of Common Equity)1,701,744668,391Total Value1,701,7442,234,077Total per share = (Total Value)/(No. of Shares) 60.5079.43Before re-capitalization, the weight of debt of the Koppers firm is around 9.1% (172,409 / 1,889,153) and the share price is $60.50. Issuing a debt of $1,738,095,000 has changed the capital structure of the firm and the new weight of Debt is 71.8% (1,738,095 / 2,421,486). Though, the share price has decreased to $23.76 after re-capitalization, shareholders have a cash flow of $79.43 due to the dividend of $55.67 (79.43 23.76) paid out. Share Price before Re-capitalization$60.50New Share Price after Re-capitalization (SP)$23.76Number of Shares (N)28,128Value of Dividend Paid Out (D)$1,565,686Dividend Distributed per share (Div/share = D/N)$55.67Total Value to Shareholder (SP + Div/Share)$79.43